Paraganglioma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor that arises from specialized cells called paraganglion cells. Paraganglion cells are part of the autonomic nervous system, which operates without conscious control. They normally help regulate blood pressure, heart rate, and the body’s response to stress, and some types release hormones called catecholamines (such as adrenaline and noradrenaline) into …
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In a pathology report, the word “flow” usually refers to a laboratory test called flow cytometry. This test is used to analyze individual cells in a sample of blood, bone marrow, lymph node, or other body fluid or tissue. Flow cytometry allows pathologists to examine many different features of cells, such as their size, shape, …
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In a pathology report, the term non-reactive is used to describe the result of a laboratory test called immunohistochemistry. This test helps pathologists identify specific proteins or other substances made by cells in a tissue sample. When a group of cells is described as non-reactive, it means the cells did not produce the protein or …
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What is a giant cell tumour of tendon sheath? Giant cell tumour of tendon sheath is a non-cancerous tumour that commonly occurs in the fingers of the hand. It can also involve the large joints of the body such as the knee and elbow. Joints connect two bones together and are important for movement. Although …
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Follicular thyroid carcinoma is a type of thyroid cancer that starts from follicular cells, the cells that normally make thyroid hormone. The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland at the front of the neck that helps regulate metabolism, heart rate, and body temperature. Follicular thyroid carcinoma is a well-differentiated cancer, meaning the tumor cells still look …
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ASC-H stands for “atypical squamous cells — cannot rule out high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL).” It is a result on a Pap test (also called a Pap smear) that means abnormal squamous cells were found in the sample from your cervix, and these cells raise enough concern that a precancerous condition called high-grade squamous intraepithelial …
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Acute lung injury is a serious medical condition that involves inflammation and damage to the lungs. It makes it difficult for the lungs to function properly and can affect how well your body receives oxygen. Pathologists identify two different patterns of acute lung injury: organizing pneumonia and diffuse alveolar damage (DAD). These two patterns differ …
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Follicular nodular disease is a benign (noncancerous) condition in which the thyroid gland contains one or more nodules. A nodule is a rounded area where thyroid cells have grown more than usual. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland at the front of the neck that helps control metabolism by producing thyroid hormones. When many …
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What are mismatch repair proteins? Mismatch repair proteins (MMR) are a system inside all normal, healthy cells for fixing mistakes in our genetic material (DNA). The system is made up of different proteins and the four most common are called MSH2, MSH6, MLH1, and PMS2. The four MMR proteins MSH2, MSH6, MLH1, and PMS2 work …
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What is pneumonia? Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs caused by micro-organisms such as viruses, bacteria, or fungus. Most cases of pneumonia start when infectious particles, breathed in through the nose and mouth, travel down the airways into the lungs. Pneumonia can affect one or both lungs at the same time. The disease can …
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