PD-L1 (Programmed Death-Ligand 1) is a protein found on the surface of many normal cells and certain cancer cells. It is part of a natural system in the body called an immune checkpoint, which helps regulate your immune system and prevents it from becoming overactive. Specifically, PD-L1 interacts with another protein called PD-1, which is …
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Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) of the cervix is a precancerous condition in which abnormal glandular cells grow in the surface lining of the cervix. These cells look like the cells seen in adenocarcinoma, a type of cervical cancer, but in AIS, the abnormal cells have not grown into the deeper layers of the cervical wall. …
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Low grade dysplasia is a precancerous condition characterized by mildly abnormal cells that grow differently from normal, healthy cells. When examined under a microscope, these abnormal cells still closely resemble normal cells, which is why the condition is termed “low grade.” This is in contrast to high grade dysplasia, where the cells appear more abnormal …
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High grade dysplasia is a precancerous condition made up of cells that look very abnormal under the microscope. These abnormal cells differ significantly from healthy cells in both their size and shape, and they are often arranged in a disorganized manner within the tissue. Although these cells are not yet cancerous, they have a high …
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In pathology, the term low grade describes cells that look abnormal under the microscope but still share some features with normal, healthy cells. To determine if cells are low grade, pathologists compare them to the normal cells typically found in the same part of the body. Low grade is different from high grade, which describes cells that …
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In pathology, cytologic atypia describes cells that look abnormal when examined under a microscope. Cells may show cytologic atypia because of their shape, size, or colour. These changes can affect the cytoplasm (body) of the cell or the nucleus (the part of the cell that holds the genetic material). Does cytologic atypia mean the cells …
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A traditional serrated adenoma, often shortened to TSA, is a precancerous polyp that develops on the inner lining of the large intestine, including the colon and rectum. It is not cancer, but it can change into a cancer called adenocarcinoma if it is left in place, so it is removed when it is found. Traditional serrated adenomas are …
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Endometrioid intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN) is a precancerous condition of the lining of the uterus, which is called the endometrium. In this condition, the glands that make up the lining become crowded together, and the cells lining them look abnormal. EIN is not cancer. It is called precancerous because, left untreated, it can develop over time …
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Endometrial clear cell carcinoma is an uncommon cancer that starts in the endometrium, the inner lining of the uterus. It makes up only a small share of endometrial cancers. It is considered high-grade, meaning it carries a higher risk of spreading beyond the uterus than low-grade endometrial cancers. The name comes from the cells’ appearance. …
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A benign phyllodes tumor is a rare, non-cancerous breast tumor that arises from the stroma (supportive connective tissue) within the breast. Unlike borderline or malignant types, benign phyllodes tumors grow slowly. They do not spread beyond their original location or to other parts of the body. What causes a benign phyllodes tumors? The exact cause …
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