PD-L1 (Programmed Death-Ligand 1) is a protein found on the surface of many normal cells and certain cancer cells. It is part of a natural system in the body called an immune checkpoint, which helps regulate your immune system and prevents it from becoming overactive. Specifically, PD-L1 interacts with another protein called PD-1, which is …
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Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) of the cervix is a precancerous condition in which abnormal glandular cells grow in the surface lining of the cervix. These cells look like the cells seen in adenocarcinoma, a type of cervical cancer, but in AIS, the abnormal cells have not grown into the deeper layers of the cervical wall. …
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Low grade dysplasia is a precancerous condition characterized by mildly abnormal cells that grow differently from normal, healthy cells. When examined under a microscope, these abnormal cells still closely resemble normal cells, which is why the condition is termed “low grade.” This is in contrast to high grade dysplasia, where the cells appear more abnormal …
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High grade dysplasia is a precancerous condition made up of cells that look very abnormal under the microscope. These abnormal cells differ significantly from healthy cells in both their size and shape, and they are often arranged in a disorganized manner within the tissue. Although these cells are not yet cancerous, they have a high …
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In pathology, the term low grade describes cells that look abnormal under the microscope but still share some features with normal, healthy cells. To determine if cells are low grade, pathologists compare them to the normal cells typically found in the same part of the body. Low grade is different from high grade, which describes cells that …
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In pathology, cytologic atypia describes cells that look abnormal when examined under a microscope. Cells may show cytologic atypia because of their shape, size, or colour. These changes can affect the cytoplasm (body) of the cell or the nucleus (the part of the cell that holds the genetic material). Does cytologic atypia mean the cells …
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A traditional serrated adenoma is a type of polyp that develops on the inner lining of the colon or rectum. Although these polyps are not cancer, they are considered precancerous, which means they can turn into cancer over time if not removed. Most traditional serrated adenomas are found during a routine colonoscopy and are removed …
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Endometrioid intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN) is a precancerous condition that affects the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium. In this condition, the glands that make up the endometrium become abnormal in both number and appearance, causing the tissue to become thicker than normal. It is called a precancerous condition because over time, EIN can develop …
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Endometrial clear cell carcinoma is a rare type of cancer that starts in the endometrium, the inner lining of the uterus. It is considered a high-grade tumour, meaning it has a higher chance of spreading beyond the uterus compared to low-grade endometrial cancers. Endometrial clear cell carcinoma behaves differently from the more common endometrial endometrioid …
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A benign phyllodes tumor is a rare, non-cancerous breast tumor that arises from the stroma (supportive connective tissue) within the breast. Unlike borderline or malignant types, benign phyllodes tumors grow slowly. They do not spread beyond their original location or to other parts of the body. What causes a benign phyllodes tumors? The exact cause …
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