Low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma is a type of cancer that begins from specialized cells lining the urinary tract. The urinary tract includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, with most tumours appearing in the bladder. This cancer is called low-grade because, under the microscope, the tumour cells look quite similar to normal, healthy urothelial cells. …
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Reactive lymphoid hyperplasia is a benign (noncancerous) increase in the number of immune cells called lymphocytes. This change commonly affects small immune organs called lymph nodes, When this happens, the lymph nodes may appear enlarged. This change may also be seen in other organs where a large number of lymphocytes are normally found. This includes …
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In pathology, the term ‘reactive changes’ is used to describe cells or tissues that look abnormal as a result of alterations in their environment. These changes can include infection, physical injury, medication, and inflammation. By definition, these changes are benign (non-cancerous) in nature. Anything that alters the environment of a tissue can cause the cells …
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CDX2 is a protein made by cells that line the inside of the gastrointestinal tract, including the small intestine and the colon. It plays an important role in controlling how these intestinal cells grow and develop. Why do pathologists test for CDX2? Pathologists test for CDX2 to help determine if cells seen in a tissue …
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Tubal metaplasia is a non-cancerous (benign) change where the normal cells in an organ or tissue are replaced by cells that look like those normally found in the fallopian tube. These tubal-type cells often have tiny hair-like structures called cilia. Cilia help move fluid or mucus across the surface of the tissue, similar to how …
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Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the vulva is the most common type of vulvar cancer, making up more than 90% of vulvar cancers. It starts in the squamous cells that cover the surface of the vulva. Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva develops along two main pathways. About one-third of cases are caused by infection …
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A carcinoid tumourlet is a small, non-cancerous growth found in the lungs. It is made up of special cells called neuroendocrine cells. Neuroendocrine cells are normally found throughout the lungs, especially in the airways. When these cells group together and grow slightly more than normal, they can form tiny structures called tumourlets. To be called …
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What is the liver? The liver is an organ found in the right upper part of your abdominal cavity. It is responsible for removing toxins, processing medications, and producing substances such as bile that are essential for breaking down and using food. The liver contains multiple types of cells which make up its structure and …
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The uterus is a pear-shaped hollow organ found in the female pelvis between the rectum (the end of the large bowel) and the urinary bladder. The upper part (fundus) is attached to the fallopian tubes while the lower part is connected to the vagina through the uterine cervix. The walls of the uterus are made …
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What is the gallbladder? The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ located below the liver, in the right, upper portion of the abdomen. Doctors often describe this area as the right, upper quadrant. What does the gallbladder do? The gallbladder is a hollow organ that stores bile, a specialized fluid made in the liver. Bile …
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