Poorly differentiated carcinoma is a type of cancer made up of cells that line the surfaces of organs. Differentiation refers to the degree to which cancer cells resemble normal cells from the tissue in which they originated. When cancer is poorly differentiated, the tumour cells have lost many of the normal structures and features, making …
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Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that begins in glandular cells (cells that produce mucus or other fluids), which are found in many organs, including the stomach, intestines, lungs, and pancreas. In this type of cancer, the cancer cells have lost many of their normal structures, making them look very different from the …
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Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of cancer that starts in the small intestine, the long, narrow part of the digestive system that absorbs nutrients from food. This type of cancer begins in the gland-forming cells that line the inside surface of the intestine. These cells normally help with digestion and nutrient absorption, but in …
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Encapsulated papillary carcinoma is a type of breast cancer that is usually non-invasive. Non-invasive means that the cancer cells are confined to the ducts where they started and have not spread into the surrounding breast tissue. This type of tumor behaves in a similar way to ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), another non-invasive form of …
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PMS2 is a gene that produces a protein involved in repairing mistakes in a cell’s DNA. It is one of four key mismatch repair (MMR) proteins — along with MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6 — that work together to find and fix small errors that occur when DNA is copied during cell division. PMS2 and MLH1 …
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Oncocytic adrenocortical carcinoma is an adrenal gland cancer characterized by oncocytic cells. These abnormal cells have an excessive number of mitochondria, giving them a distinctive granular and eosinophilic (pink) appearance under the microscope. Characteristics of oncocytic cells: Appearance: Large, with abundant granular cytoplasm. Origin: Derived from adrenal cortical cells. Function: May retain some hormonal activity …
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MLH1 is a gene that produces a protein involved in repairing mistakes in a cell’s DNA. It is one of four key mismatch repair (MMR) proteins — along with PMS2, MSH2, and MSH6 — that work together to find and fix small errors that occur when DNA is copied during cell division. MLH1 and PMS2 …
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MITF (microphthalmia-associated transcription factor) is a protein that helps regulate the development, function, and survival of certain types of cells, particularly melanocytes. Melanocytes are specialized cells found in the skin and other tissues where they produce a pigment called melanin. This pigment gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes. MITF plays a crucial role …
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A translocation is a type of genetic change where a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome. Chromosomes are structures inside your cells that carry DNA, the instructions your body uses to grow, repair itself, and function properly. When pieces of chromosomes switch places, they can create new combinations of …
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Matted lymph nodes are groups of lymph nodes that have become stuck together, forming a single mass. Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures that are part of the immune system. They help the body fight infections by filtering out harmful substances. Normally, lymph nodes are separate from one another, but in certain conditions, they can …
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