Keratinizing refers to a process in which squamous cells produce large amounts of a protein called keratin. Keratin is a tough, protective substance that makes tissues more resistant to injury, infection, and dehydration. As squamous cells become keratinizing, they gradually lose their ability to function as living cells. Instead, they form a strong outer layer …
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Androgen receptor (AR) is a protein found inside specific cells of your body. It binds to hormones known as androgens, including testosterone. These hormones play key roles in the growth and development of male characteristics, but they also have essential functions in both men and women. Why do pathologists test for androgen receptor? Pathologists test …
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Intramucosal carcinoma describes an early stage of cancer where abnormal cells are still limited to a thin layer of tissue called the mucosa. Cancers treated at this stage are less likely to spread to other body parts. Is intramucosal carcinoma a type of cancer? Yes, intramucosal carcinoma is a type of cancer, but it is …
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Melanosis coli is a harmless condition that affects the large intestine (colon). In this condition, the lining of the colon turns dark brown or black due to a buildup of a pigment called lipofuscin. This pigment develops within cells that line the inside surface of the colon. Melanosis coli is noncancerous and typically related to …
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SALL4 is a protein that helps control the growth and development of cells, particularly during early human development. It is usually found in stem cells, which are special cells capable of turning into different types of tissues in the body. In adults, SALL4 is mostly seen in certain reproductive cells and tissues. Why do pathologists …
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OCT3/4 is a protein found inside certain types of cells. This protein is important because it helps maintain cells in an immature or stem cell-like state. Stem cells are special cells that can develop into many different types of cells in the body. OCT3/4 is especially important during early human development. Why do pathologists test …
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Pancytokeratin is a term pathologists use to describe a group of proteins called cytokeratins found within specific cells, particularly epithelial cells. Epithelial cells line surfaces inside and outside the body, including the skin and internal organs. Pancytokeratin tests detect many different types of cytokeratins at the same time. Why do pathologists test for pancytokeratin? Pathologists …
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Lymphoplasmacytic is a term pathologists use to describe inflammation involving two specific types of immune cells: lymphocytes and plasma cells. Lymphocytes are white blood cells that help protect your body against infections. Plasma cells are specialized cells that develop from lymphocytes and produce antibodies to fight infections and other harmful substances. What causes lymphoplasmacytic inflammation? …
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Lymphohistiocytic is a term pathologists use to describe a type of inflammation involving two kinds of immune cells: lymphocytes and histiocytes. Lymphocytes are white blood cells that help your body fight infections, while histiocytes are cells that remove harmful substances and help repair damaged tissues. Together, these cells indicate that your immune system is responding …
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A satellite metastasis is a small group of cancer cells that has spread just beyond the main tumour but remains very close to it. These small tumours are usually found within 2 centimeters of the primary tumour and have not yet traveled to lymph nodes or distant organs. Satellite metastases are most commonly seen in …
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