define

Low grade

In pathology, the term low grade describes cells that look abnormal under the microscope but still share some features with normal, healthy cells. To determine if cells are low grade, pathologists compare them to the normal cells typically found in the same part of the body. Low grade is different from high grade, which describes cells that …
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High grade

What does high grade mean? In pathology, high grade is used to describe cells that look very abnormal when examined under the microscope. In order to determine if a group of cells are high grade, pathologists typically compare the abnormal-looking cells to the cells normally found in that part of the body. The term high …
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Cytologic atypia

In pathology, the term cytologic atypia describes cells that look abnormal when examined under a microscope. Cells may be described as showing cytologic atypia because of their shape, size, or colour. These changes can affect the cytoplasm (body) of the cell or the nucleus (the part of the cell that holds the genetic material). Does …
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Interstitial cells of Cajal

What are the interstitial cells of Cajal? Interstitial cells of Cajal are specialized cells that are normally found throughout the gastrointestinal tract, from the esophagus to the rectum. These cells receive signals from the nervous system and in turn, cause alternating contraction and relaxation of the muscular wall helping to move food through the gastrointestinal …
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B cells

B cells (also called B lymphocytes) are a type of white blood cell and a part of the immune system. These cells contribute to a process called the adaptive immune response that is important for protecting the body against infections. Specifically, these cells contribute to humoral immunity by producing immunoglobulin (antibodies) that recognize and stick to …
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T cells

T cells, also known as T lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell that plays a vital role in the immune system. These cells are primarily found in lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes, which are distributed throughout the body. They are also abundant in areas of inflammation caused by infection or injury, where …
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Uterus

The uterus is a pear-shaped hollow organ found in the female pelvis between the rectum (the end of the large bowel) and the urinary bladder. The upper part (fundus) is attached to the fallopian tubes while the lower part is connected to the vagina through the uterine cervix. The walls of the uterus are made …
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CD30

CD30 is a protein made primarily by activated immune cells such as T cells and B cells. Some types of cancers that start from T cells or B cells, such as anaplastic large cell lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma also express CD30. The tumour cells in embryonal carcinoma, a type of cancer that often involves the male …
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CD5

CD5 is a specialized type of protein normally found on the surface of immune cells where it is involved in modulating signal transduction pathways. It plays a significant role in regulating immune responses and maintaining the balance between activating and inhibiting signals within the immune system. What does CD5 do? Regulates T-cell activation: CD5 is …
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CD3

CD3 is a protein that is normally made by two types of specialized immune cells, T cells and NK cells. Most lymphomas that start from T and NK cells, including peripheral T cell lymphoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, also make CD3. Two common tests used to look for CD3 in …
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