High grade dysplasia is a precancerous condition made up of cells that look very abnormal under the microscope. These abnormal cells differ significantly from healthy cells in both their size and shape, and they are often arranged in a disorganized manner within the tissue. Although these cells are not yet cancerous, they have a high …
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In pathology, the term low grade describes cells that look abnormal under the microscope but still share some features with normal, healthy cells. To determine if cells are low grade, pathologists compare them to the normal cells typically found in the same part of the body. Low grade is different from high grade, which describes cells that …
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In pathology, cytologic atypia describes cells that look abnormal when examined under a microscope. Cells may show cytologic atypia because of their shape, size, or colour. These changes can affect the cytoplasm (body) of the cell or the nucleus (the part of the cell that holds the genetic material). Does cytologic atypia mean the cells …
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What are the interstitial cells of Cajal? Interstitial cells of Cajal are specialized cells that are normally found throughout the gastrointestinal tract, from the esophagus to the rectum. These cells receive signals from the nervous system and in turn, cause alternating contraction and relaxation of the muscular wall helping to move food through the gastrointestinal …
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B cells are a type of white blood cell that play a central role in the body’s immune system. Their primary role is to help protect you from infections by recognizing harmful substances, such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins, and responding to them. In humans, they develop and mature in the bone marrow. What do …
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T cells are a type of white blood cell that play a critical role in the body’s immune system. They are part of the adaptive immune response, which enables them to recognize specific infections and abnormal cells. T cells help protect the body by directly attacking harmful invaders, coordinating other immune cells, and remembering past …
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The uterus is a pear-shaped hollow organ found in the female pelvis between the rectum (the end of the large bowel) and the urinary bladder. The upper part (fundus) is attached to the fallopian tubes while the lower part is connected to the vagina through the uterine cervix. The walls of the uterus are made …
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CD30 is a protein found on the surface of certain cells in the immune system, particularly activated T cells and B cells. It plays a role in regulating cell growth and communication within the immune response. Why do pathologists test for CD30? Pathologists test for CD30 to help diagnose and classify specific types of lymphomas …
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CD5 is a protein normally found on the surface of specific immune cells, particularly certain types of lymphocytes (a kind of white blood cell). CD5 helps these immune cells communicate and interact within the immune system, especially in regulating immune responses and preventing autoimmune reactions. Why do pathologists test for CD5? Pathologists test for CD5 …
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CD3 is a protein that is normally made by two types of specialized immune cells, T cells and NK cells. Most lymphomas that start from T and NK cells, including peripheral T cell lymphoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, also make CD3. Two common tests used to look for CD3 in …
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