Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell (WBC) and a part of the body’s innate immune system. They help protect the body against allergens and infections. When examined under the microscope, eosinophils are small cells with bright pink cytoplasm. The cytoplasm of the cell is filled with small round granules and the nucleus has …
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Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell and an important part of the body’s innate immune system, which is the body’s first line of defense against infection and injury. They are the most common type of white blood cell, making up between 50% and 80% of all white blood cells in the bloodstream. Neutrophils …
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The nucleus (plural: nuclei) is a small, specialized structure found inside almost all cells in your body. It holds most of your genetic material, known as DNA, which acts like a set of instructions controlling how cells function and behave. Within the nucleus, the DNA is organized with proteins into a material called chromatin. Areas …
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The cytoplasm is the material that fills the inside of a cell, surrounding the nucleus and extending to the cell membrane. It is mostly water and contains proteins, nutrients, and tiny specialized structures called organelles — including mitochondria, which generate energy, and lysosomes, which break down waste. The cytoplasm gives a cell much of its …
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Red blood cells (RBCs) are the most common type of blood cell in the human body. They are sometimes called erythrocytes. Under the microscope, red blood cells look like small, round, disc-shaped cells with a pale center. Their main job is to carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and to …
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Adenomyosis is a noncancerous condition that happens when tissue that normally lines the inside of the uterus (called the endometrium) grows into the muscle wall of the uterus (called the myometrium). This misplaced tissue can make the uterus larger and cause symptoms such as heavy menstrual bleeding, painful periods, and pelvic discomfort. Adenomyosis is most …
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In pathology, the term endophytic describes an abnormal growth that extends down from the surface of the tissue into the organ or tissue below. This pattern of growth can usually only be seen when the tissue is examined under a microscope by a pathologist. Pathologists sometimes use the word ‘inverted’ to describe an endophytic pattern …
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Thyroglobulin is a protein made by the thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck. It plays an important role in producing thyroid hormones, which help regulate metabolism, energy levels, and body temperature. What does thyroglobulin do? Thyroglobulin acts as a building block for thyroid hormones. Thyroglobulin stores and helps …
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PAX8 is a protein that helps control the activity of genes in certain types of cells. It acts as a transcription factor, meaning it turns genes on or off to guide how cells grow, develop, and function. PAX8 is especially important during early development and is involved in forming organs such as the thyroid gland, …
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Cytokeratin 5 (CK5) is a protein made by epithelial cells in the skin, breast, salivary glands, urinary tract, and upper aerodigestive tract. Within these organs, CK5 is commonly seen in specialized squamous cells, basal cells, and myoepithelial cells. This type of protein is also made by some benign (noncancerous) and malignant (cancerous) tumours that start …
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