In pathology, the term “gross” refers to observations made by examining tissues or organs with the naked eye, without the use of a microscope or any magnification tools. Gross examination involves assessing the general appearance and physical features of a tissue sample or organ, including its size, shape, color, texture, and the presence of any …
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The Fuhrman grade is a system used to classify the aggressiveness of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which is the most common type of kidney cancer. Developed by Gary A. Fuhrman in the 1980s, this grading system helps pathologists and oncologists evaluate how cancer cells look under a microscope compared to normal kidney cells. The Fuhrman …
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In pathology, the term “exophytic” refers to a growth pattern of a tumor or lesion that projects outward from the surface of the tissue. This growth pattern contrasts with endophytic growths, which extend inward into the tissue beneath the surface. Exophytic growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and are characterized by their outward …
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Epithelial cells are specialized cells normally found on the surface of an organ or tissue. They connect to form a thin barrier called an epithelium. Cancers that arise from these cells are called carcinomas. Epithelial cells are divided into different types based on their shape, size, function, and location. Some are flat and thin, some …
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Cautery artifact is a term pathologists use to describe changes in the appearance of cells and tissue caused by heat during a surgical procedure. These changes are not related to disease, but instead result from a common surgical tool called electrocautery, which uses heat to cut tissue and stop bleeding. Electrocautery is frequently used during …
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CD34 is a protein found on the surface of specific cells in your body, mainly stem cells (cells that can develop into various other types of cells), endothelial cells (blood vessel cells), and specific blood-forming cells. It plays an important role in cell growth and development, especially in forming new blood vessels and blood cells. …
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Carcinoma in situ (CIS) is an early-stage, non-invasive form of cancer in which abnormal cells are confined to the epithelium – the thin layer of tissue that lines the surfaces and internal structures of the body. “In situ” means “in its original place,” indicating that the cancerous cells have not spread into surrounding tissues or …
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Carcinoma is a type of cancer that begins in epithelial cells. Epithelial cells are specialized cells that line the surfaces of your body, both inside and out. For example, epithelial cells form your skin, line your digestive tract, and cover the surfaces of organs like your lungs, breasts, and prostate. Carcinomas can start in any …
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Adipose tissue, commonly known as fat, is a type of tissue in the body made up of cells called adipocytes. These cells store energy in the form of fat, help cushion and protect internal organs, and provide insulation to maintain body temperature. Adipose tissue plays an essential role in overall health and metabolism. Where is …
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Adenosquamous carcinoma is a type of cancer that contains two different kinds of tumour cells: glandular cells and squamous cells. Glandular cells normally produce and release substances such as mucus or enzymes, while squamous cells form the flat surface layers of the skin and line many internal organs. Because it contains both cell types, adenosquamous …
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