A neuroendocrine tumor (NET) is a type of cancer that starts from neuroendocrine cells. These are specialized cells with features of both nerve cells and hormone-producing cells that help regulate important body functions by releasing hormones in response to signals from the nervous system. Neuroendocrine cells are found throughout the body, which means neuroendocrine tumors …
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In a pathology report, the term nuclear atypia is used to describe cells that have abnormal-looking nuclei when examined under a microscope. The nucleus is the part of the cell that contains its genetic material (DNA) and controls how the cell functions. Pathologists use the word “atypia” to mean that something looks unusual or different …
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Low grade dysplasia is a precancerous condition characterized by mildly abnormal cells that grow differently from normal, healthy cells. When examined under a microscope, these abnormal cells still closely resemble normal cells, which is why the condition is termed “low grade.” This is in contrast to high grade dysplasia, where the cells appear more abnormal …
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High grade dysplasia is a precancerous change in which cells look very abnormal under the microscope. It is not cancer because the abnormal cells have not grown into the tissue below. Without treatment, however, high grade dysplasia has a real risk of turning into cancer. For this reason, doctors usually remove or treat it rather …
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In pathology, the term low grade describes cells that look abnormal under the microscope but still share some features with normal, healthy cells. To determine if cells are low grade, pathologists compare them to the normal cells typically found in the same part of the body. Low grade is different from high grade, which describes cells that …
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In pathology, cytologic atypia describes cells that look abnormal when examined under a microscope. Cells may show cytologic atypia because of their shape, size, or colour. These changes can affect the cytoplasm (body) of the cell or the nucleus (the part of the cell that holds the genetic material). Does cytologic atypia mean the cells …
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The Nottingham histologic grade (or modified Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grade) is a system pathologists use to evaluate breast cancer under the microscope. It helps determine the aggressiveness of the cancer and provides important information for planning treatment. The grade is based on how different the cancer cells look from normal breast cells and how quickly they are …
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In pathology, erosion refers to the superficial loss of epithelial tissue, specifically the epithelium that covers the surfaces or lines the cavities of organs. Unlike ulcers, erosions do not extend into the underlying submucosa or subcutaneous tissues; they are confined to the loss of the epithelial layer only. This distinction is crucial for understanding the …
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Non-necrotizing granulomatous inflammation means the pathologist found granulomas without dead tissue in their centers. Granulomas are small clusters of immune cells. They form when the immune system walls off something it cannot easily remove. Many conditions can cause this pattern, including sarcoidosis, Crohn’s disease, reactions to foreign material, and some infections. This finding is not …
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Necrotizing granulomatous inflammation is a specific pattern of long-standing or chronic inflammation seen under the microscope. It occurs when the immune system attempts to isolate and eliminate a harmful substance, such as an infection, foreign material, or a component of an autoimmune response. The word “necrotizing” refers to the presence of dead tissue in the …
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