Amyloid is an abnormal protein that folds into the wrong shape and accumulates in body tissues as dense, insoluble deposits. In healthy cells, proteins fold correctly and perform their normal functions. In some diseases, certain proteins misfold and clump together into a distinctive structure — one that the body cannot easily break down or clear …
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A neck dissection is a surgical procedure involving the removal of lymph nodes and surrounding tissue from the neck. It is primarily performed to treat or prevent the spread of cancer, particularly head and neck cancers, by removing potentially affected lymphatic tissue. What is the purpose of a neck dissection? The primary purpose of a …
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An adenomatoid nodule is a benign (noncancerous) growth that develops in the thyroid gland. The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland at the front of the neck that produces hormones to regulate metabolism. Adenomatoid nodules are the most common type of thyroid nodule and are often part of a broader condition called follicular nodular disease, in …
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A blue nevus is a common, noncancerous (benign) skin growth made up of cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells in the skin that make melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color. A blue nevus gets its distinctive blue or blue-gray color from melanin that sits deep in the dermis (the layer of skin …
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WT-1 is a protein that acts as a transcription factor, meaning it helps control the activity of certain genes within cells. It was initially discovered because of its connection to Wilms’ tumour, a type of kidney cancer commonly seen in children. WT-1 plays an essential role in the normal development and functioning of the kidneys …
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A mycetoma of the sinuses is a dense clump of fungus that builds up inside one of the paranasal sinuses, the air-filled spaces in the bones around the nose. It is now more commonly called a fungal ball, and you may see either term on your pathology report. The most important thing to understand about …
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HPV-associated dysplasia of the oral cavity is a precancerous change in the lining of the mouth caused by infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). Dysplasia means the cells lining the mouth have started to grow and behave abnormally. It is not cancer, but over time, and without treatment, it can develop into a type of …
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An oral melanotic macule is a benign (non-cancerous), flat, pigmented spot in the lining of the oral cavity, the medical name for the mouth. It forms when a small area of the lining produces extra melanin, the brown pigment that gives color to skin and to the lining of the mouth. This extra pigment shows …
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The term fibromyxoid tumour is not a final diagnosis but a descriptive term that pathologists sometimes use when looking at tissue under the microscope. It refers to tumours made up of a mix of fibrous tissue (tough, scar-like tissue) and myxoid tissue (a gelatin-like material). These tumours can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They …
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Lymphoblastic lymphoma is an aggressive cancer of the immune system that starts in immature lymphocytes called lymphoblasts. Lymphoblasts are the earliest, most immature form of lymphocytes — the white blood cells that normally mature into either B cells (which make antibodies) or T cells (which coordinate immune responses and kill infected cells). In lymphoblastic lymphoma, …
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