High-grade B cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 rearrangements — also called diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) with MYC and BCL2 rearrangements, or informally “double-hit lymphoma” — is an aggressive blood cancer that starts in B cells. These white blood cells help the body fight infections. The name refers to two specific genes, MYC …
Read More »
High grade B cell lymphoma NOS (HGBL NOS) is a type of cancer that starts in the white blood cells called B cells. These cells are part of the immune system and help protect your body from infections and diseases. “High grade” means that this type of cancer is likely to grow and spread quickly …
Read More »
Cribriform morular thyroid carcinoma (CMTC) is a rare type of thyroid cancer with a distinctive appearance under the microscope and an important link to an inherited condition called familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland at the front of the neck that helps regulate metabolism. CMTC was once grouped with papillary thyroid …
Read More »
Calcitonin is a hormone produced by specialized cells in the thyroid gland called C cells (also known as parafollicular cells). Its primary role in the body is to help regulate blood calcium levels — when calcium levels rise too high, calcitonin lowers them by slowing bone breakdown and reducing the release of calcium into the …
Read More »
Metastasis is a term used in pathology to describe the process by which cancer spreads from where it first started (the primary site) to other body parts. When cancer cells break away from the original tumor, they can travel through the bloodstream or the lymphatic system (a network of vessels and nodes that helps fight …
Read More »
Keratosis without dysplasia of the larynx means the lining of the voice box has built up an unusually thick layer of keratin, a tough protective protein, but the cells themselves look normal. It is most often found on the vocal cords, though it can occur anywhere in the larynx. The second half of the name …
Read More »
In pathology, the term malignant transformation describes the development of a malignant (cancerous) tumour from a benign (noncancerous) tumour or a precancerous disease. Malignant transformation is important because the cells in the malignant tumour can grow into nearby tissues and metastasize (spread) to distant organs such as lymph nodes and the lungs. Common conditions that …
Read More »
Hyalinizing trabecular tumor (HTT) is an uncommon thyroid tumor that arises from follicular cells, the cells in the thyroid gland that normally produce thyroid hormone. The current World Health Organization (WHO) classification, published in 2022, lists HTT as a benign thyroid neoplasm. The older name, hyalinizing trabecular adenoma, may still appear on some pathology reports and …
Read More »
Cystic degeneration refers to a process where tissue undergoes changes that result in the formation of fluid-filled structures called cysts. This change develops when the tissue starts to break down or degenerate for various reasons. Cystic degeneration can be caused by several factors, depending on the tissue or organ involved: Aging: As tissues age, they …
Read More »
The Ki-67 labeling index is a number that tells doctors what percentage of cells in a tissue sample are actively dividing. It is based on a test for Ki-67, a protein that appears in the nucleus of cells when they prepare to divide. Cells that are resting and not dividing do not show Ki-67. By …
Read More »
