Antibodies also known as immunoglobulins are a special type of protein made by plasma cells. These special proteins protect our bodies by sticking to bacteria and viruses, which makes them easier to remove from the body. They can also stick to abnormal cells or cells that have stopped functioning normally. A plasma cell neoplasm is …
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Extranodal extension (ENE) is a term pathologists use when cancer cells spread outside a lymph node into the surrounding tissue. Lymph nodes are small immune organs that help filter harmful substances and are often one of the first places cancer spreads. Normally, cancer cells that travel to a lymph node stay inside the lymph node’s …
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A benign follicular nodule is a noncancerous lump that forms in the thyroid gland. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland at the front of the neck that produces hormones to regulate metabolism, energy levels, and many other body functions. The word “benign” means that the nodule is not a cancer and cannot spread to …
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Reflux esophagitis is inflammation and injury of the lining of the esophagus, the muscular tube that carries food and liquid from the mouth to the stomach, caused by stomach contents flowing backward into it. The esophagus is lined by squamous cells, which are built to withstand the friction of swallowing but not the acid and …
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Eosinophilic esophagitis is a chronic immune-driven condition in which the lining of the esophagus, the muscular tube that carries food and liquid from the mouth to the stomach, becomes inflamed in response to food or environmental substances. The inflammation is caused by eosinophils, a type of white blood cell involved in allergic reactions. Eosinophils are …
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Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is a group of conditions where red blood cells (RBCs) are destroyed by blood clots in small blood vessels such as capillaries and arterioles. TMA is also associated with decreased platelets and organ damage. Diseases in this group include: Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) TMA …
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Megaloblastic anemia is a type of anemia caused by low levels of vitamin B12 or folate in the body. Anemia means that the number of red blood cells (RBCs) or the amount of hemoglobin in the blood is lower than normal. RBCs which carry oxygen in your blood require vitamin B12 and folate to develop …
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Anemia of chronic disease (ACD) is a type of anemia that develops in people with long-standing illnesses that cause inflammation. Anemia means that the blood has fewer red blood cells than normal or that the red blood cells contain less hemoglobin. Red blood cells are the cells in the blood that carry oxygen from the …
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Iron deficiency anemia is a type of anemia caused by low levels of iron in the body. It is the most common cause of anemia among adults. Common causes include blood loss, pregnancy, and a diet low in iron. What does anemia mean? Anemia means a decreased amount of hemoglobin in the blood. Hemoglobin is …
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Hemolytic anemia is a condition in which the body’s immune system attacks and damages red blood cells (RBCs) in the blood. The damaged RBCs are either removed in the spleen or liver or destroyed in the blood. This process is called immune hemolysis, and over time, it leads to low levels of RBCs in the blood. …
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