Endometriosis is a noncancerous (benign) condition in which tissue resembling the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus. The lining of the uterus is called the endometrium. In endometriosis, tissue of the same kind is found on other surfaces in the pelvis and, less often, elsewhere in the body. This tissue responds to the …
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Actinic keratosis (AK) is a pre-cancerous skin condition caused by long-term damage from ultraviolet (UV) radiation, most often from the sun. It is made up of abnormal skin cells called keratinocytes, which are the flat cells that form most of the epidermis (the outer layer of the skin). In actinic keratosis, the abnormal cells are …
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Disordered proliferative endometrium is a noncancerous (benign) change in the lining of the uterus, which is called the endometrium. It develops when the lining is exposed to estrogen over a long period without enough progesterone to balance it. Under the microscope, the glands of the lining look irregular and unevenly distributed instead of neat and …
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Cirrhosis is a long-term condition in which the normal structure of the liver is replaced by scar tissue and regenerative nodules. Over time, repeated liver injury causes bands of scar tissue to form. These bands divide the liver into round areas called nodules, each composed of regenerating liver cells. Although these cells try to repair …
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Rhabdomyosarcoma is a type of cancer that develops from cells that would normally become skeletal muscle, the muscle that moves the arms, legs, and other parts of the body. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children, although it can also occur in adults. It can start almost anywhere, including places where there …
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A frozen section is a test used in pathology to provide a quick diagnosis of a tissue sample during surgery. It is called a “frozen section” because the tissue is rapidly frozen soon after it is removed from the body. This technique allows pathologists to examine the tissue under a microscope to identify disease, often …
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Signet ring cells are abnormal cells seen in certain types of cancer. They get their name from their shape: each cell is filled with a substance called mucin, which pushes the cell’s nucleus (the part that holds genetic material) to the side, creating an appearance similar to a ring with a gemstone. Unlike most other types …
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Squamous cells are flat, thin cells that form protective surfaces on both the outside and inside of the body. Their shape resembles small plates or scales, allowing them to pack tightly together and create a strong barrier. This barrier protects the tissues underneath from injury, infection, and environmental exposure. These cells are part of a …
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A sarcoma is a type of cancer that starts in the body’s connective tissues. These tissues support and hold the body together and include bone, muscle, fat, blood vessels, nerves, and fibrous tissue (the tissue that gives structure and strength to organs). Because connective tissue is found throughout the body, sarcomas can begin almost anywhere. …
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In pathology, poorly differentiated is a term used to describe how cancer cells look under a microscope. When cells are poorly differentiated, they appear very different from normal cells in the body. Normal cells are well-organized and have specific structures, but poorly differentiated cells lose these typical features, making it hard to tell where they …
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