Endometrial clear cell carcinoma is an uncommon cancer that starts in the endometrium, the inner lining of the uterus. It makes up only a small share of endometrial cancers. It is considered high-grade, meaning it carries a higher risk of spreading beyond the uterus than low-grade endometrial cancers. The name comes from the cells’ appearance. …
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A benign phyllodes tumor is a rare, non-cancerous breast tumor that arises from the stroma (supportive connective tissue) within the breast. Unlike borderline or malignant types, benign phyllodes tumors grow slowly. They do not spread beyond their original location or to other parts of the body. What causes a benign phyllodes tumors? The exact cause …
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Sclerosing adenosis is a noncancerous (benign) change in the breast made up of an increased number of small glands that are surrounded and squeezed by dense, scar-like connective tissue. The name describes exactly what the pathologist sees: “adenosis” means more glands than usual, and “sclerosing” means the scar-like tissue that compresses them. Sclerosing adenosis is …
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High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, or HGPIN, is a change in the cells that line the ducts and glands of the prostate gland. In HGPIN, the lining cells look abnormal under the microscope, but they stay within the existing ducts and glands and do not invade the surrounding tissue. HGPIN is not cancer. It is considered …
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A mitotically active leiomyoma is a noncancerous (benign) tumor that starts in the muscular wall of the uterus. It is made of smooth muscle cells, the same cells that make up the uterine wall, called the myometrium. In the uterus, leiomyoma and fibroid mean the same thing, so a mitotically active leiomyoma is a type …
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An intraductal papilloma is a noncancerous (benign) tumor that grows inside one of the small milk ducts of the breast. The word intraductal means “inside the duct,” and papilloma refers to the small finger-like projections, called papillae, that form within the duct. Intraductal papillomas are among the most common benign breast tumors and cannot spread …
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Adrenal cortical carcinoma is a rare cancer that starts in the adrenal cortex, the outer layer of the adrenal gland. The body has two adrenal glands, one on top of each kidney. The adrenal cortex makes hormones that help control blood pressure, blood sugar, and the body’s response to stress. Many of these tumors also …
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Tumor necrosis means areas of dead cells inside a tumor. Pathologists see these areas under the microscope. Necrosis can mean different things depending on when it appears. Before treatment, it can be a sign of fast growth. After treatment, it often shows that the treatment worked. This article explains what causes tumor necrosis, why it …
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The Nottingham histologic grade (or modified Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grade) is a system pathologists use to evaluate breast cancer under the microscope. It helps determine the aggressiveness of the cancer and provides important information for planning treatment. The grade is based on how different the cancer cells look from normal breast cells and how quickly they are …
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Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) is a rare type of thyroid cancer that arises from follicular cells, the cells in the thyroid gland that normally produce thyroid hormone. PDTC sits in the middle of the thyroid cancer spectrum: it is more aggressive than the well-differentiated thyroid cancers (papillary thyroid carcinoma and follicular thyroid carcinoma) but …
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