Microglandular hyperplasia of the cervix

By Jason Wasserman MD PhD FRCPC
September 9, 2024

Microglandular hyperplasia is a benign (noncancerous) condition of the cervix. It occurs when the glandular cells in the cervix, which normally produce mucus, increase in number and form small, crowded gland-like structures. This condition is not harmful and is often found by chance during an examination or biopsy. The term “hyperplasia” refers to the increased number of cells in the glands.

What are the symptoms of microglandular hyperplasia?

Most women with microglandular hyperplasia do not experience any symptoms. It is typically found during routine pelvic exams or Pap tests. In rare cases, if the area of hyperplasia is large, it may cause some mild discomfort or irregular vaginal bleeding, but this is uncommon.

What causes microglandular hyperplasia?

Microglandular hyperplasia is often associated with hormonal changes, particularly those related to pregnancy or the use of birth control pills. It is believed that increased levels of certain hormones, such as progesterone, may stimulate the growth of the glandular cells in the cervix, leading to this condition. It is a normal response to these hormonal changes and is not linked to cancer.

How is this diagnosis made?

Microglandular hyperplasia is usually diagnosed when a pathologist examines a biopsy or tissue sample from the cervix under a microscope. The condition is often discovered when testing for other reasons, such as during a routine Pap test or pelvic examination. In most cases, no additional tests are required once the diagnosis is confirmed under the microscope.

What are the microscopic features of microglandular hyperplasia?

When viewed under a microscope, microglandular hyperplasia appears as small, tightly packed glands in the cervix. These glands are lined with columnar epithelial cells, the same cells that normally produce mucus in the cervix. The glands are often filled with mucus, and the surrounding tissue may show some inflammation. Importantly, there are no signs of cancerous changes in microglandular hyperplasia, and the condition is completely benign.