Actinic keratosis (AK) is a pre-cancerous skin condition caused by long-term damage from ultraviolet (UV) radiation, most often from the sun. It is made up of abnormal skin cells called keratinocytes, which are the flat cells that form most of the epidermis (the outer layer of the skin). In actinic keratosis, the abnormal cells are …
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Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of skin cancer. It starts from basal cells, which are found in the deepest layer of the epidermis (the outer layer of the skin) and in hair follicles. Under the microscope, all basal cell carcinomas are made up of clusters of small, darkly stained cells called …
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Disordered proliferative endometrium is a noncancerous (benign) change in the lining of the uterus, which is called the endometrium. It develops when the lining is exposed to estrogen over a long period without enough progesterone to balance it. Under the microscope, the glands of the lining look irregular and unevenly distributed instead of neat and …
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A dermatofibroma, also called a benign fibrous histiocytoma, is a very common, noncancerous (benign) skin tumor. It develops in the dermis, the thick layer of connective tissue just below the skin’s surface, and usually appears as a small, firm bump that may feel hard to the touch. Dermatofibromas are most often found on the arms, …
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A congenital nevus is a common, noncancerous (benign) skin growth made up of cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are the cells in the skin that make melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color. These growths are called “congenital” because they are usually present at birth or appear within the first year of life. Another name …
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A complex sclerosing lesion (CSL) is a benign (noncancerous) growth in the breast. Under the microscope, it has a central area of scar-like tissue with ducts and glands radiating outward from it, like the spokes of a wheel. Although the name includes the word “scar,” a complex sclerosing lesion does not develop after an injury …
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Chordoma is a type of bone cancer. It develops from remnants of an embryonic structure called the notochord. Chordomas almost always develop within a bone and most develop along the midline of the body in either the base of the skull or the sacrum. Chordomas are very slow-growing tumours and can reach a very large …
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Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma is a type of kidney cancer. It starts from the cells that line the tiny tubes inside the kidney called tubules, specifically the part of the tubule that fine-tunes the salt and acid balance of the urine. It is the third most common type of kidney cancer in adults, making up …
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Cirrhosis is a long-term condition in which the normal structure of the liver is replaced by scar tissue and regenerative nodules. Over time, repeated liver injury causes bands of scar tissue to form. These bands divide the liver into round areas called nodules, each composed of regenerating liver cells. Although these cells try to repair …
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Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is a type of cancer that starts in the small bile ducts located within the liver. Bile ducts are the tubes that carry bile, a fluid that helps digest fats, from the liver to the intestine. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is distinct from hepatocellular carcinoma, which starts from the liver cells themselves, and from extrahepatic …
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