Antral type mucosa refers to the specialized tissue that lines the antrum, which is the lower part of the stomach just before it connects to the small intestine. Pathologists use this term in pathology reports to describe the normal lining found in this region. Because the stomach has different regions that perform slightly different functions, …
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Fibrinopurulent exudate is a type of fluid that accumulates at a site of tissue damage or inflammation, which contains a combination of fibrin, inflammatory cells such as neutrophils, and cellular debris. Fibrin is a protein that plays a role in blood clotting, and it can form a mesh-like network that helps to hold the exudate …
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Squamous epithelium is a thin layer of tissue made up of flat cells called squamous cells. These cells form a protective barrier on the surface of various organs and tissues throughout the body, helping to protect the underlying tissues from injury, infection, and irritation. Where is squamous epithelium found in the body? Squamous epithelium is …
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Squamous mucosa is a thin, protective lining made up of flat cells called squamous cells. It covers many inner surfaces of the body, including the mouth, esophagus (the tube that carries food to the stomach), vagina, cervix, anal canal, and parts of the airway such as the throat and voice box. Its main job is …
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Natural killer cells, often called NK cells, are a type of lymphocyte, which is a white blood cell that plays an important role in the body’s immune system. They are part of the innate immune system, meaning they can respond quickly to threats without needing prior exposure to the specific invader. NK cells are called …
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What is chronic cholecystitis? Chronic cholecystitis is prolonged, or long-standing, inflammation of the gallbladder. It is a very common condition that is more frequently seen in young and middle-aged women. What does cholelithiasis mean? Pathologists use the term cholelithiasis to describe gallstones which are hard, stone-shaped collections of biological material that build up in the …
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A borderline Brenner tumor of the ovary is an uncommon type of ovarian tumor that is not cancer, but is also not a completely benign growth. It belongs to a group of tumors called borderline tumors, which sit between clearly benign tumors and cancer. A borderline Brenner tumor is more complex than a benign Brenner …
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What is clear cell chondrosarcoma? Clear cell chondrosarcoma is a slow-growing type of cancer made up of cartilage. This type of cancer is typically found in the femur (long bone of the leg) or the humerus (long bone of the arm) where it affects the epiphysis (end of the bone). What is cartilage? Cartilage is …
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CD45 is a protein found on the surface of most cells in the immune system, including white blood cells (also called leukocytes). CD45 helps these immune cells communicate and respond appropriately to infections and inflammation. Why do pathologists test for CD45? Pathologists test for CD45 to help determine if cells seen in a tissue sample …
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AE1/AE3 is a laboratory test used by pathologists to help identify the origin of a tumour. It works by detecting proteins called cytokeratins — structural proteins found inside epithelial cells, which line the surfaces of organs and glands throughout the body. AE1/AE3 is not a single protein — it is a combination of two antibodies, …
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