Acute mucositis is inflammation of the mucosa — the tissue that lines the inside of the oral cavity. The oral cavity includes the lips, tongue, gums, inner cheeks (buccal mucosa), floor of the mouth, and palate. The word acute means the inflammation is active or ongoing. Another name for this condition is stomatitis. Acute mucositis …
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Gastric dysplasia (also called glandular intraepithelial neoplasia) is a precancerous change that affects the inner lining of the stomach. In gastric dysplasia, the cells that normally cover the stomach wall begin to look and behave abnormally, but they have not yet spread into deeper layers of the stomach. Gastric dysplasia can remain stable for years, …
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Chromogranin is a family of proteins primarily found in neuroendocrine cells—specialized cells that release hormones into the blood in response to signals from the nervous system. The main types are chromogranin A, B, and C. These proteins play a crucial role in the storage and release of hormones. Why do pathologists test for chromogranin? Pathologists …
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Sebaceous glands are small glands found in the skin that produce sebum, an oily substance that helps keep the skin and hair soft, flexible, and protected. These glands are distributed throughout the body but are most numerous on the face, scalp, upper chest, and back. Sebaceous glands are connected to hair follicles, and the sebum …
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Atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH) is a non-cancerous change in the breast in which the number of epithelial cells lining the small glands (called acini) inside the lobules is increased, and the cells look mildly abnormal. Although the cells are abnormal, they are not abnormal enough, or extensive enough, to be called cancer. Instead, atypical lobular …
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A ganglioneuroma is an uncommon, noncancerous tumor that develops from sympathetic nervous system cells. This part of the body’s nerve network controls automatic functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion. Ganglioneuroma is the most mature member of a family called the neuroblastic tumors. Less mature members include neuroblastoma, a cancer, and ganglioneuroblastoma, which …
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What is a spermatocytic tumour? Spermatocytic tumour is a rare type of testicular cancer that is typically seen in men over 50 years of age. Unlike other types of testicular cancers, spermatocytic tumour also never metastasizes (spreads) to other parts of the body and most patients are cured with surgery alone. What type of tumour …
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Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common virus that belongs to the herpesvirus family. There are two main types of HSV: HSV-1 and HSV-2. Both types can cause similar symptoms, including painful blisters or sores, although HSV-1 typically causes sores around the mouth (cold sores), while HSV-2 usually causes genital herpes. Once infected, the virus …
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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common virus belonging to the family Herpesviridae. It is ubiquitous and infects people of all ages. CMV is spread through body fluids such as blood, saliva, urine, and breast milk. What are the symptoms of cytomegalovirus infection? Most healthy individuals who become infected with CMV have no symptoms, and the virus …
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In situ hybridization (often abbreviated as ISH) is a specialized laboratory test that enables pathologists to detect specific pieces of genetic material (DNA or RNA) directly within the cells of a tissue sample. The phrase “in situ” means “in its original place,” and “hybridization” refers to the way a probe (a small piece of complementary …
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