Adrenal cortical carcinoma is a rare cancer that starts in the adrenal cortex, the outer layer of the adrenal gland. The body has two adrenal glands, one on top of each kidney. The adrenal cortex makes hormones that help control blood pressure, blood sugar, and the body’s response to stress. Many of these tumors also …
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The term ischemic necrosis describes a type of tissue injury that occurs when a part of the body does not get enough blood and oxygen. “Ischemia” means reduced or blocked blood flow. “Necrosis” means cell death. Together, ischemic necrosis means that cells and tissues have died because the blood supply was cut off or severely …
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Tumor necrosis means areas of dead cells inside a tumor. Pathologists see these areas under the microscope. Necrosis can mean different things depending on when it appears. Before treatment, it can be a sign of fast growth. After treatment, it often shows that the treatment worked. This article explains what causes tumor necrosis, why it …
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Oral epithelial dysplasia is a precancerous change in the lining of the mouth. It develops in the epithelium, the thin surface layer of cells that covers the inside of the oral cavity and acts as a protective barrier. In dysplasia, the epithelial cells grow and mature abnormally: they vary in size and shape, divide more …
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High-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma is a type of cancer that starts in the urothelial cells that line the inside of the urinary tract. The word papillary means the tumor grows as finger-like projections that stick out from the lining. The term high grade means the tumor cells look very different from normal urothelial cells under …
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Low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma is a type of cancer that starts from the urothelial cells that line the inside of the urinary tract. The word papillary means the tumor grows as finger-like projections that stick out from the lining. The term low grade means the tumor cells look only slightly different from normal urothelial cells …
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The Nottingham histologic grade (or modified Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grade) is a system pathologists use to evaluate breast cancer under the microscope. It helps determine the aggressiveness of the cancer and provides important information for planning treatment. The grade is based on how different the cancer cells look from normal breast cells and how quickly they are …
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Reactive lymphoid hyperplasia is a benign (noncancerous) increase in the number of immune cells called lymphocytes. This change commonly affects small immune organs called lymph nodes, When this happens, the lymph nodes may appear enlarged. This change may also be seen in other organs where a large number of lymphocytes are normally found. This includes …
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In pathology, the term ‘reactive changes’ is used to describe cells or tissues that look abnormal as a result of alterations in their environment. These changes can include infection, physical injury, medication, and inflammation. By definition, these changes are benign (non-cancerous) in nature. Anything that alters the environment of a tissue can cause the cells …
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CDX2 is a protein made by cells that line the inside of the gastrointestinal tract, including the small intestine and the colon. It plays an important role in controlling how these intestinal cells grow and develop. Why do pathologists test for CDX2? Pathologists test for CDX2 to help determine if cells seen in a tissue …
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