An intraductal papilloma is a noncancerous (benign) tumor that grows inside one of the small milk ducts of the breast. The word intraductal means “inside the duct,” and papilloma refers to the small finger-like projections, called papillae, that form within the duct. Intraductal papillomas are among the most common benign breast tumors and cannot spread …
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Atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) is a non-cancerous (benign) change in the breast that starts in the cells lining the small tubes called ducts. Although it is not cancer, ADH is considered a precancerous condition because having it is associated with an increased chance of developing breast cancer in the future. Compared with someone without ADH, …
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Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, also known as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, is a common autoimmune condition that affects the thyroid gland. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland at the front of the neck that makes hormones that regulate metabolism, energy levels, and many other body functions. Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis is not a cancer. In this condition, the …
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Adrenal cortical carcinoma is a rare cancer that starts in the adrenal cortex, the outer layer of the adrenal gland. The body has two adrenal glands, one on top of each kidney. The adrenal cortex makes hormones that help control blood pressure, blood sugar, and the body’s response to stress. Many of these tumors also …
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The term ischemic necrosis describes a type of tissue injury that occurs when a part of the body does not get enough blood and oxygen. “Ischemia” means reduced or blocked blood flow. “Necrosis” means cell death. Together, ischemic necrosis means that cells and tissues have died because the blood supply was cut off or severely …
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Tumor necrosis means areas of dead cells inside a tumor. Pathologists see these areas under the microscope. Necrosis can mean different things depending on when it appears. Before treatment, it can be a sign of fast growth. After treatment, it often shows that the treatment worked. This article explains what causes tumor necrosis, why it …
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Oral epithelial dysplasia is a precancerous change in the lining of the mouth. It develops in the epithelium, the thin surface layer of cells that covers the inside of the oral cavity and acts as a protective barrier. In dysplasia, the epithelial cells grow and mature abnormally: they vary in size and shape, divide more …
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High-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma is a type of cancer that starts in the urothelial cells that line the inside of the urinary tract. The word papillary means the tumor grows as finger-like projections that stick out from the lining. The term high grade means the tumor cells look very different from normal urothelial cells under …
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Low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma is a type of cancer that starts from the urothelial cells that line the inside of the urinary tract. The word papillary means the tumor grows as finger-like projections that stick out from the lining. The term low grade means the tumor cells look only slightly different from normal urothelial cells …
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The Nottingham histologic grade (or modified Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grade) is a system pathologists use to evaluate breast cancer under the microscope. It helps determine the aggressiveness of the cancer and provides important information for planning treatment. The grade is based on how different the cancer cells look from normal breast cells and how quickly they are …
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