High grade B cell lymphoma NOS (HGBL NOS) is a type of cancer that starts in the white blood cells called B cells. These cells are part of the immune system and help protect your body from infections and diseases. “High grade” means that this type of cancer is likely to grow and spread quickly …
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Calcitonin is a hormone that helps regulate calcium levels in the blood by lowering them when they become too high. It achieves this by slowing down the activity of osteoclasts, the cells responsible for bone resorption (the process of breaking down bone tissue and releasing minerals such as calcium into the bloodstream). Calcitonin is primarily …
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Keratosis without dysplasia in the larynx refers to a condition where the tissue that covers the inside surface of the larynx is abnormally thick without showing signs of dysplasia, which means there are no precancerous changes in the cells. This change is most commonly seen in the vocal cords although other parts of the larynx …
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In pathology, the term malignant transformation describes the development of a malignant (cancerous) tumour from a benign (noncancerous) tumour or a precancerous disease. Malignant transformation is important because the cells in the malignant tumour can grow into nearby tissues and metastasize (spread) to distant organs such as lymph nodes and the lungs. Common conditions that …
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Cystic degeneration refers to a process where tissue undergoes changes that result in the formation of fluid-filled structures called cysts. This change develops when the tissue starts to break down or degenerate for various reasons. Cystic degeneration can be caused by several factors, depending on the tissue or organ involved: Aging: As tissues age, they …
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The Ki-67 labeling index (LI) is a test used in pathology to measure how quickly cells in a tissue sample are dividing or growing. It helps in understanding how active, or aggressive, certain cells are, especially in tumours. What is Ki-67? Ki-67 is a protein found in the nucleus of cells, which is the control …
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Low grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (also known as Evan’s tumour) is a rare type of soft tissue cancer. As its name suggests, low grade fibromyxoid sarcoma is typically considered a low grade sarcoma, meaning it tends to grow and spread more slowly compared to high grade tumours. However, it has a potential for late recurrence and …
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Background: Alveolar soft part sarcoma is a rare type of cancer that typically starts in the body’s soft tissues, including muscles, fat, and connective tissues. Despite its name, alveolar soft part sarcoma does not start in the lung’s alveolar structures, as one might think from the word “alveolar.” Instead, it gets its name from the …
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Invasive adenocarcinoma of the rectum (also known as rectal adenocarcinoma) is the most common type of rectal cancer. It is made up of cells that normally cover the inside surface of the rectum. This type of cancer often starts in a polyp such as a tubular adenoma, tubulovillous adenoma, or villous adenoma. This article will help …
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Minimal residual disease (MRD) is a term used to describe the small number of cancer cells that remain in the body after cancer treatment. These cells have the potential to cause relapse in patients. MRD testing can help doctors determine how well the treatment worked, the risk of developing recurrent disease (relapse), and if further …
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