A neuroendocrine tumor (NET) of the larynx is an uncommon type of cancer that develops from neuroendocrine cells. These specialized cells are found throughout the body, receive signals from the nervous system, and respond by releasing hormones into the bloodstream. Small numbers of them are normally present in the lining of the larynx, the voice …
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A neuroendocrine tumor (NET) of the sinonasal tract and paranasal sinuses is a rare type of cancer that arises from neuroendocrine cells in the nasal cavity or sinuses. Neuroendocrine cells normally produce hormones in response to nerve signals. Tumors formed by these cells can behave in different ways, from slow-growing to fast-growing, depending mainly on …
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Keratinizing refers to a process in which squamous cells produce large amounts of a protein called keratin. Keratin is a tough, protective substance that makes tissues more resistant to injury, infection, and dehydration. As squamous cells become keratinizing, they gradually lose their ability to function as living cells. Instead, they form a strong outer layer …
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Normocytic normochromic anemia is a type of anemia where the body has fewer red blood cells than normal. Still, these cells are normal in size (normocytic) and contain a typical amount of hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen (normochromic). Anemia occurs when there aren’t enough healthy red blood cells or the red blood cells do …
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HPV-independent squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina is a type of vaginal cancer that is not caused by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). It develops when squamous cells in the lining of the vagina grow abnormally and form a tumor that can invade the surrounding tissue. Vaginal cancer is rare, and squamous cell carcinoma is …
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HPV-associated squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina is a type of vaginal cancer caused by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). It develops when high-risk types of HPV cause squamous cells in the lining of the vagina to grow abnormally, eventually forming a tumor that can invade the surrounding tissue. Vaginal cancer is rare, accounting for …
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The androgen receptor (AR) is a protein found in certain cells that acts as a receptor for hormones called androgens — a group that includes testosterone. When an androgen enters a cell and binds to the androgen receptor, it sends a signal to the cell’s nucleus telling it to grow and divide. In healthy tissue, …
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Neuroblastoma is a cancer that develops from neuroblasts, immature nerve cells that are present while a baby is developing before birth. It starts in tissues that develop from neural crest cells, most often in the adrenal glands above the kidneys. It can also start in the chest, the abdomen, the pelvis, or the chain of …
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Intramucosal carcinoma describes an early stage of cancer where abnormal cells are still limited to a thin layer of tissue called the mucosa. Cancers treated at this stage are less likely to spread to other body parts. Is intramucosal carcinoma a type of cancer? Yes, intramucosal carcinoma is a type of cancer, but it is …
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Intramucosal adenocarcinoma of the stomach is an early cancer that begins in the glandular cells lining the stomach, the cells that normally produce mucus and digestive juices. The word intramucosal means the cancer is still confined to the mucosa, the thin innermost lining of the stomach, and has not grown into the deeper layers of …
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