Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of cancer that starts in the small intestine, the long, narrow part of the digestive system that absorbs nutrients from food. This type of cancer begins in the gland-forming cells that line the inside surface of the intestine. These cells normally help with digestion and nutrient absorption, but in …
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Encapsulated papillary carcinoma is a rare and distinct type of breast cancer that is usually non-invasive. Non-invasive means the cancer cells have not spread beyond their original location into the surrounding breast tissue. The tumor grows inside a small, cyst-like space and is surrounded by a thick fibrous capsule — a layer of connective tissue …
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PMS2 is a gene that produces a protein involved in repairing mistakes in a cell’s DNA. It is one of four key mismatch repair (MMR) proteins — along with MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6 — that work together to find and fix small errors that occur when DNA is copied during cell division. PMS2 and MLH1 …
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Oncocytic adrenocortical carcinoma is an adrenal gland cancer characterized by oncocytic cells. These abnormal cells have an excessive number of mitochondria, giving them a distinctive granular and eosinophilic (pink) appearance under the microscope. Characteristics of oncocytic cells: Appearance: Large, with abundant granular cytoplasm. Origin: Derived from adrenal cortical cells. Function: May retain some hormonal activity …
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MLH1 is a gene that produces a protein involved in repairing mistakes in a cell’s DNA. It is one of four key mismatch repair (MMR) proteins — along with PMS2, MSH2, and MSH6 — that work together to find and fix small errors that occur when DNA is copied during cell division. MLH1 and PMS2 …
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MITF (microphthalmia-associated transcription factor) is a protein that helps regulate the development, function, and survival of certain types of cells, particularly melanocytes. Melanocytes are specialized cells found in the skin and other tissues where they produce a pigment called melanin. This pigment gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes. MITF plays a crucial role …
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A translocation is a type of genetic change where a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome. Chromosomes are structures inside your cells that carry DNA, the instructions your body uses to grow, repair itself, and function properly. When pieces of chromosomes switch places, they can create new combinations of …
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This article is designed to help you understand your pathology report for primary cutaneous follicle centre lymphoma. Each section explains an important aspect of the diagnosis and what it means for you. What is primary cutaneous follicle centre lymphoma? Primary cutaneous follicle centre lymphoma is an immune system cancer that starts in the skin. It …
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Mycosis fungoides is a type of cancer called lymphoma that starts in the skin. A lymphoma is a cancer of lymphocytes, white blood cells that help protect the body from infections. In mycosis fungoides, the cancerous cells are a type of lymphocyte called T cells, which build up in the skin, leading to rashes, patches, or other skin changes. The disease develops …
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In a molecular pathology report, the word rearrangement refers to a change in the DNA structure within a cell. DNA is usually organized into long strands called chromosomes, each containing many genes. A rearrangement happens when a piece of a chromosome breaks off and attaches somewhere else, either on the same chromosome or another chromosome. …
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