CDX2 is a protein made by cells that line the inside of the gastrointestinal tract, including the small intestine and the colon. It plays an important role in controlling how these intestinal cells grow and develop. Why do pathologists test for CDX2? Pathologists test for CDX2 to help determine if cells seen in a tissue …
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Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) is a rare type of thyroid cancer that arises from follicular cells, the cells in the thyroid gland that normally produce thyroid hormone. PDTC sits in the middle of the thyroid cancer spectrum: it is more aggressive than the well-differentiated thyroid cancers (papillary thyroid carcinoma and follicular thyroid carcinoma) but …
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The sinonasal tract is an area inside your head that includes the nasal cavity (the open space inside your nose) and the paranasal sinuses. The paranasal sinuses are small, air-filled spaces located around your nasal cavity, including: Maxillary sinuses (under your eyes, behind your cheeks) Frontal sinuses (above your eyes, behind your forehead) Ethmoid sinuses …
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Tubal metaplasia is a non-cancerous (benign) change where the normal cells in an organ or tissue are replaced by cells that look like those normally found in the fallopian tube. These tubal-type cells often have tiny hair-like structures called cilia. Cilia help move fluid or mucus across the surface of the tissue, similar to how …
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Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the vulva is the most common type of vulvar cancer, making up more than 90% of vulvar cancers. It starts in the squamous cells that cover the surface of the vulva. Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva develops along two main pathways. About one-third of cases are caused by infection …
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Basosquamous carcinoma is a type of skin cancer. It is an uncommon, higher-risk form of basal cell carcinoma, the most common skin cancer. What makes basosquamous carcinoma different is that, in addition to the usual features of basal cell carcinoma, it also shows features of a second type of skin cancer called squamous cell carcinoma. …
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A carcinoid tumourlet is a small, non-cancerous growth found in the lungs. It is made up of special cells called neuroendocrine cells. Neuroendocrine cells are normally found throughout the lungs, especially in the airways. When these cells group together and grow slightly more than normal, they can form tiny structures called tumourlets. To be called …
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B cells are a type of white blood cell that play a central role in the body’s immune system. Their primary role is to help protect you from infections by recognizing harmful substances, such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins, and responding to them. In humans, they develop and mature in the bone marrow. What do …
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T cells are a type of white blood cell that play a critical role in the body’s immune system. They are part of the adaptive immune response, which enables them to recognize specific infections and abnormal cells. T cells help protect the body by directly attacking harmful invaders, coordinating other immune cells, and remembering past …
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Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) is a severe type of acute lung injury. It occurs when the tiny air sacs in the lungs, called alveoli, become severely damaged and inflamed. This damage prevents oxygen from moving normally from the lungs into the blood. DAD is closely associated with a condition called acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). …
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