Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, also known as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, is a common autoimmune condition that affects the thyroid gland. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland at the front of the neck that makes hormones that regulate metabolism, energy levels, and many other body functions. Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis is not a cancer. In this condition, the …
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Adrenal cortical carcinoma is a rare cancer that starts in the adrenal cortex, the outer part of the adrenal gland. There are two adrenal glands in the body, one on top of each kidney. The adrenal cortex normally produces hormones that help control blood pressure, salt and water balance, metabolism, sexual development, and the body’s …
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The term ischemic necrosis describes a type of tissue injury that occurs when a part of the body does not get enough blood and oxygen. “Ischemia” means reduced or blocked blood flow. “Necrosis” means cell death. Together, ischemic necrosis means that cells and tissues have died because the blood supply was cut off or severely …
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Tumour necrosis is a term pathologists use to describe areas of dead cells within a tumour. Necrosis happens when tumour cells die and become non-functional. These areas of dead cells can occur in any cancer and are often easy to see under a microscope when examining tumour samples. What causes tumour necrosis? Several factors can …
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Oral epithelial dysplasia is a precancerous change in the lining of the mouth. It develops in the epithelium, the thin surface layer of cells that covers the inside of the oral cavity and acts as a protective barrier. In dysplasia, the epithelial cells grow and mature abnormally: they vary in size and shape, divide more …
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High-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma is a type of cancer that starts from specialized cells lining the urinary tract. The urinary tract includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, with the bladder being the most common site for these tumours. This type of cancer is described as high grade because the tumour cells appear very abnormal …
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Low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma is a type of cancer that begins from specialized cells lining the urinary tract. The urinary tract includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, with most tumours appearing in the bladder. This cancer is called low-grade because, under the microscope, the tumour cells look quite similar to normal, healthy urothelial cells. …
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The Nottingham histologic grade (or modified Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grade) is a system pathologists use to evaluate breast cancer under the microscope. It helps determine the aggressiveness of the cancer and provides important information for planning treatment. The grade is based on how different the cancer cells look from normal breast cells and how quickly they are …
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Reactive lymphoid hyperplasia is a benign (noncancerous) increase in the number of immune cells called lymphocytes. This change commonly affects small immune organs called lymph nodes, When this happens, the lymph nodes may appear enlarged. This change may also be seen in other organs where a large number of lymphocytes are normally found. This includes …
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In pathology, the term ‘reactive changes’ is used to describe cells or tissues that look abnormal as a result of alterations in their environment. These changes can include infection, physical injury, medication, and inflammation. By definition, these changes are benign (non-cancerous) in nature. Anything that alters the environment of a tissue can cause the cells …
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