A borderline Brenner tumour of the ovary is an uncommon type of ovarian tumour that is more complex than a benign Brenner tumour but does not exhibit the aggressive behaviour of a malignant tumour. It contains cells that are more active and atypical than those in benign Brenner tumours but do not invade surrounding tissues …
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What is clear cell chondrosarcoma? Clear cell chondrosarcoma is a slow-growing type of cancer made up of cartilage. This type of cancer is typically found in the femur (long bone of the leg) or the humerus (long bone of the arm) where it affects the epiphysis (end of the bone). What is cartilage? Cartilage is …
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CD45 is a protein found on the surface of most cells in the immune system, including white blood cells (also called leukocytes). CD45 helps these immune cells communicate and respond appropriately to infections and inflammation. Why do pathologists test for CD45? Pathologists test for CD45 to help determine if cells seen in a tissue sample …
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AE1/AE3 is a special laboratory test that detects proteins called cytokeratins, which are found in epithelial cells. Epithelial cells form the lining of many surfaces in the body, such as the skin, glands, and the inside of organs like the lungs, bladder, and digestive tract. AE1/AE3 is not a single protein but a mixture of …
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Lichenoid mucositis is a pattern of inflammation that affects the inside of the mouth. It is caused by the immune system attacking the cells that line the surface of the oral cavity. This condition can lead to redness, white patches, pain, or a burning sensation in the mouth. Lichenoid mucositis is not a single disease, …
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Medullary carcinoma is a rare and distinct subtype of colorectal cancer. Like other types of colon and rectal cancer, it starts from the inner lining of the bowel. However, medullary carcinoma has unique features when examined under the microscope. It tends to grow in large sheets of tumor cells and is usually associated with an …
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In pathology, the phrase degenerative changes describes tissue that has started to physically break down, losing its normal structure and appearance when viewed under a microscope. These changes can affect how well a tissue or organ functions. Although degenerative changes themselves are not cancerous, they may sometimes be seen in tumours, particularly if the tumour …
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HBME-1, which stands for “Hector Battifora mesothelial-1,” is an antibody that binds to a specific protein called mesothelin. It is primarily used in pathology to help identify specific types of cells, particularly in the diagnosis of certain tumours. The marker is most commonly associated with mesothelial cells (which line the body’s cavities) and some types …
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HMB-45 (Human Melanoma Black-45) is an antibody used by pathologists to detect a protein called gp100. This protein is normally found in melanocytes—cells that produce melanin, the pigment responsible for skin, hair, and eye color. Melanocytes are mostly located in the skin but can also appear in mucosal areas (like the mouth) and eyes. Because …
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PD-L1 (Programmed Death-Ligand 1) is a protein found on the surface of many normal cells and certain cancer cells. It is part of a natural system in the body called an immune checkpoint, which helps regulate your immune system and prevents it from becoming overactive. Specifically, PD-L1 interacts with another protein called PD-1, which is …
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