CD45 is a protein found on the surface of most cells in the immune system, including white blood cells (also called leukocytes). CD45 helps these immune cells communicate and respond appropriately to infections and inflammation. Why do pathologists test for CD45? Pathologists test for CD45 to help determine if cells seen in a tissue sample …
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AE1/AE3 is a special laboratory test that detects proteins called cytokeratins, which are found in epithelial cells. Epithelial cells form the lining of many surfaces in the body, such as the skin, glands, and the inside of organs like the lungs, bladder, and digestive tract. AE1/AE3 is not a single protein but a mixture of …
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Background: Lichenoid mucositis is a pattern of inflammation characterized by large numbers of immune cells and tissue damage inside the mouth. This pattern of inflammation can be seen in various immune-mediated conditions, drug reactions, and chemical exposures. What are the symptoms of lichenoid mucositis? Lichenoid mucositis is associated with red or white patches in the …
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Medullary carcinoma is a rare type of colon cancer. It is considered a subtype of adenocarcinoma. Compared to other types of colon cancer, medullary carcinoma is associated with a good prognosis. Despite their similar names, medullary carcinoma of the colon is not related to medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. This article will help you …
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In pathology, the phrase degenerative changes describes tissue that has started to physically break down, losing its normal structure and appearance when viewed under a microscope. These changes can affect how well a tissue or organ functions. Although degenerative changes themselves are not cancerous, they may sometimes be seen in tumours, particularly if the tumour …
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HBME-1, which stands for “Hector Battifora mesothelial-1,” is an antibody that binds to a specific protein called mesothelin. It is primarily used in pathology to help identify specific types of cells, particularly in the diagnosis of certain tumours. The marker is most commonly associated with mesothelial cells (which line the body’s cavities) and some types …
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HMB-45 (Human Melanoma Black-45) is an antibody used by pathologists to detect a protein called gp100. This protein is normally found in melanocytes—cells that produce melanin, the pigment responsible for skin, hair, and eye color. Melanocytes are mostly located in the skin but can also appear in mucosal areas (like the mouth) and eyes. Because …
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PD-L1 (Programmed Death-Ligand 1) is a protein found on the surface of many normal cells and certain cancer cells. It is part of a natural system in the body called an immune checkpoint, which helps regulate your immune system and prevents it from becoming overactive. Specifically, PD-L1 interacts with another protein called PD-1, which is …
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What is adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix? Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) is a precancerous disease in the cervix. The disease starts from glands in a part of the cervix called the endocervix. If not treated, AIS can turn into a type of cervical cancer called endocervical adenocarcinoma. Is adenocarcinoma in situ a type of …
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Low grade dysplasia is a precancerous condition characterized by mildly abnormal cells that grow differently from normal, healthy cells. When examined under a microscope, these abnormal cells still closely resemble normal cells, which is why the condition is termed “low grade.” This is in contrast to high grade dysplasia, where the cells appear more abnormal …
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