Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, or PanIN, is a microscopic-sized growth that starts in the small ducts of the pancreas. It is not cancer, but it is considered a type of precancerous change. This means that over time, PanIN can turn into a type of pancreatic cancer called ductal adenocarcinoma. PanIN is only visible under the microscope …
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Interface dermatitis is a term pathologists use to describe a pattern of skin injury seen under the microscope. It refers to inflammation and damage that occurs at the junction where the outer layer of the skin (called the epidermis) meets the layer underneath (called the dermis). This area is known as the dermoepidermal junction. In …
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The phrase interface changes is used by pathologists to describe a specific pattern of inflammation and damage seen at the junction between the epithelium (the surface layer of cells that lines the skin, mouth, and other mucosal surfaces) and the underlying connective tissue (called the dermis in skin or lamina propria in mucosal tissue). This area …
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A WHO grade 2 meningioma, also known as an atypical meningioma, is a type of brain or spinal cord tumour that starts in the meninges, the protective layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord. These tumours grow more quickly and are more likely to come back (recur) after treatment than grade 1 meningiomas. However, they …
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An atypical meningioma is a type of brain tumour that starts in the meninges, the protective layers that cover the brain and spinal cord. It is classified as WHO grade 2, which means it is more aggressive than a WHO grade 1 meningioma but less aggressive than a WHO grade 3 anaplastic meningioma. Atypical meningiomas grow …
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A WHO grade 1 meningioma is a benign (non-cancerous) tumour that develops from the meninges, the layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. Most meningiomas arise from a type of cell called a meningothelial cell, which is found in the arachnoid mater, one of the three layers of the meninges. …
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1p/19q codeletion is a specific type of genetic change found in a kind of brain tumor called oligodendroglioma. The term “1p/19q codeletion” means that a tumor cell has lost part of two chromosomes—the short arm of chromosome 1 (called 1p) and the long arm of chromosome 19 (called 19q). This genetic change helps pathologists confirm …
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MGMT stands for O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase, which is a type of DNA repair protein. Its main job is to protect cells by fixing a specific kind of damage to DNA caused by chemicals called alkylating agents. These agents are sometimes used in chemotherapy to destroy cancer cells, but MGMT can repair this damage and make the …
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A gene is a small section of DNA that provides the instructions for making a specific protein. These proteins help the body grow, develop, and carry out important functions. Genes are found inside almost every cell in the body and are passed down from parents to children. Each person has approximately 20,000 genes, and each …
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A tumor suppressor gene is a type of gene that helps protect the body from cancer. These genes normally control how cells grow, divide, and repair themselves. When working correctly, tumor suppressor genes act like brakes that slow down cell division, fix DNA damage, or cause unhealthy cells to die before they can become cancer. …
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