Reflux esophagitis, also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), is a common condition that occurs when acid from the stomach flows backward (refluxes) into the esophagus. This acid irritates the inner lining of the esophagus, causing inflammation and tissue damage. Over time, this can lead to symptoms that affect eating, swallowing, and overall comfort. What …
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Eosinophilic esophagitis is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the esophagus, the muscular tube that carries food from your mouth to your stomach. In this condition, the inner lining of the esophagus becomes inflamed due to the buildup of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell involved in allergic responses. Over time, this inflammation can …
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Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is a group of conditions where red blood cells (RBCs) are destroyed by blood clots in small blood vessels such as capillaries and arterioles. TMA is also associated with decreased platelets and organ damage. Diseases in this group include: Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) TMA …
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Megaloblastic anemia is a type of anemia caused by low levels of vitamin B12 or folate in the body. Anemia means that the number of red blood cells (RBCs) or the amount of hemoglobin in the blood is lower than normal. RBCs which carry oxygen in your blood require vitamin B12 and folate to develop …
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Anemia of chronic disease (ACD) is a type of anemia that develops in people with long-standing illnesses that cause inflammation. Anemia means that the blood has fewer red blood cells than normal or that the red blood cells contain less hemoglobin. Red blood cells are the cells in the blood that carry oxygen from the …
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Iron deficiency anemia is a type of anemia caused by low levels of iron in the body. It is the most common cause of anemia among adults. Common causes include blood loss, pregnancy, and a diet low in iron. What does anemia mean? Anemia means a decreased amount of hemoglobin in the blood. Hemoglobin is …
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Hemolytic anemia is a condition in which the body’s immune system attacks and damages red blood cells (RBCs) in the blood. The damaged RBCs are either removed in the spleen or liver or destroyed in the blood. This process is called immune hemolysis, and over time, it leads to low levels of RBCs in the blood. …
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Ring sideroblasts are immature red blood cells (RBCs) that have extra iron inside the body of the cell. This extra iron creates a tight ring around the nucleus of the cell. These cells can be seen in a variety of medical conditions including copper deficiency, myelodysplastic syndromes, and inherited diseases associated with ring sideroblasts. Some …
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What is a karyotype? A karyotype is a test where the chromosomes, which contain your DNA, are stained with a special dye so that they can be examined under a microscope. Normal cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes. Abnormal karyotypes Abnormalities that can be seen on a karyotype test include a gain or loss of …
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In transit metastasis is a term used to describe cancer that has spread beyond the original tumour but has not yet reached the lymph nodes or distant organs. Instead, the cancer cells travel through small lymphatic vessels and form new tumours between the primary tumour and the nearest lymph nodes. This type of spread is …
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